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The X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), spliced and activated by IRE1, is downregulated in glomerular mesangial cells, weakening the inhibitory effect on the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/Akt pathway, thereby aggravating kidney damage

Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the use of generative AI technology for language editing and manuscript organization

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19 Although the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction are multifactorial, a growing body of evidence suggests that increased ROS production contributes considerably to this phenomenon in several ways